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Studies have shown that levels of depression among those diagnosed with clinical depression actually increase in the springtime. The results of the studies were no different for subjects who spent most of their days outdoors than for those who stayed indoors. Researchers, once baffled by this finding, now hypothesize that seasonal changes in the mental health of the most severely depressed can be based on more than exposure to light.

Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the researchers' hypothesis?
A. The same subjects evidence no change in mental health in the autumn when the amount of light is equivalent to that in spring.
B. As all people inherently believe that their health will improve in the spring, the unrealized expectation of improved health will often lead the most depressed to an even deeper level of depression.
C. Healthy subjects report feeling more alert and happy in the springtime as compared with the winter.
D. Seasonal-affective disorder (SAD) affects nearly one in ten people and can seriously interfere with an individual's work schedule and lifestyle habits.
E. Other scientists have demonstrated how over-exposure to sunshine can deplete the brain of the neurochemical seratonin and result in higher levels of depression.

United Lumber will use trees from its forests for two products. The tree trunks will be used for lumber and the branches converted into wood chips to make fiberboard. The cost of this conversion would be the same whether done at the logging site, where the trees are debranched, or at United's factory. However, wood chips occupy less than half the volume of the branches from which they are made.
The information given, if accurate, most strongly supports which of the following?
(A) Converting the branches into wood chips at the logging site would require transporting a fully assembled wood-chipping machine to and from the site.
(B) It would be more economical to debranch the trees at the factory where the fiberboard is manufactured.
(C) The debranching of trees and the conversion of the branches into chips are the only stages in the processing of branches that it would be in United's economic advantage to perform at the logging site.
(D) Transportation costs from the logging site to the factory that are determined by volume of cargo would be lower if the conversion into chips is done at the logging site rather than at the factory.
(E) In the wood-processing industry, branches are used only for the production of wood chips for fiberboard.­

Among the N books in Estelle's library, 40 are fiction and the rest are nonfiction. Fifty of the N books are hardcovers and the rest are paperbacks. If 30 of the N books are hardcover fiction books, what is the least possible value of N?
A. 50
B. 60
C. 70
D. 80
E. 90

How many times will the digit 7 be written when listing the integers from 1 to 1000?
(A) 110
(B) 111
(C) 271
(D) 300
(E) 304

A certain clock marks every hour by striking a number of times equal to the hour, and the time required for a stroke is exactly equal to the time interval between strokes. At 6:00 the time lapse between the beginning of the first stroke and the end of the last stroke is 22 seconds. At 12:00, how many seconds elapse between the beginning of the first stroke and the end of the last stroke?
(A) 72
(B) 50
(C) 48
(D) 46
(E) 44

Last year 26 members of a certain club traveled to England, 26 members traveled to France, and 32 members traveled to Italy. Last year no members of the club traveled to both England and France, 6 members traveled to both England and Italy, and 11 members traveled to both France and Italy. How many members of the club traveled to at least one of these three countries last year?
A) 52
B) 67
C) 71
D) 73
E) 79

What is the smallest integer n for which 25^n > 5^12 ?
(A) 6
(B) 7
(C) 8
(D) 9
(E) 10

What number is 108 more than two-thirds of itself?
A. 72
B. 144
C. 162
D. 216
E. 324

No nation can long survive unless its people are united by a common tongue. For proof, we need only consider Canada, which is being torn asunder by conflicts between French-speaking Quebec and the other provinces, which are dominated by English speakers.

Which of the following, if true, most effectively challenges the author’s conclusion?

(A) Conflicts over language have led to violent clashes between the Basque-speaking minority in Spain and the Spanish-speaking majority.

(B) Proposals to declare English the official language of the United States have met with resistance from members of Hispanic and other minority groups.

(C) Economic and political differences, along with linguistic ones, have contributed to the provincial conflicts in Canada.

(D) The public of India, in existence sine 1948, has a population that speaks hundreds of different, though related, languages.

(E) Switzerland has survived for nearly a thousand years as a home for speakers of three different languages.

In a graduating class of 232 students, 144 took geometry and 119 took biology. What is the difference between the greatest possible number and the smallest possible number of students that could have taken both geometry and biology?
A. 144
B. 119
C. 113
D. 88
E. 31