The pharmaceutical industry argues that because new drugs will not be developed unless heavy development costs can be recouped in later sales, the current 20 years of protection provided by patents should be extended in the case of newly developed drugs. However, in other industries new-product development continues despite high development costs, a fact that indicates that the extension is unnecessary.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the pharmaceutical industry’s argument against the challenge made above?

(A) No industries other than the pharmaceutical industry have asked for an extension of the 20-year limit on patent protection.

(B) Clinical trials of new drugs, which occur after the patent is granted and before the new drug can be marketed, often now take as long as 10 years to complete.

(C) There are several industries in which the ratio of research and development costs to revenues is higher than it is in the pharmaceutical industry.

(D) An existing patent for a drug does not legally prevent pharmaceutical companies from bringing to market alternative drugs, provided they are sufficiently dissimilar to the patented drug.

(E) Much recent industrial innovation has occurred in products—for example, in the computer and electronics industries—for which patent protection is often very ineffective.

What is the remainder when the number 3^1989 is divided by 7?
A. 1
B. 5
C. 6
D. 4
E. 3

A total of 22 men and 26 women were at a party, and the average (arithmetic mean) age of all of the adults at the party was exactly 35 years. If the average age of the men was exactly 38 years, which of the following was closest to the average age, in years, of the women?
(A) 31
(B) 31.5
(C) 32
(D) 32.5
(E) 33

There are between 100 and 110 cards in a collection of cards. If they are counted out 3 at a time, there are 2 left over, but if they are counted out 4 at a time, there is 1 left over. How many cards are in the collection?
(A) 101
(B) 103
(C) 106
(D) 107
(E) 109

Beth received 3/10 of the votes cast in a certian election. What franction of the other votes cast would she have needed in order to have received 1/2 of the votes cast?
A. 1/5
B. 2/7
C. 3/10
D. 7/20
E. 1/2

A certain toll station on a highway has 7 tollbooths, and each tollbooth collects $0.75 from each vehicle that passes it. From 6 o'clock yesterday morning to 12 o'clock midnight, vehicles passed each of the tollbooths at the average rate of 4 vehicles per minute. Approximately how much money did the toll station collect during that time period?
A. $1,500
B. $3,000
C. $11,500
D. $23,000
E. $30,000

2x+2y=−4
4x+y=1
In the system of equations above, what is the value of x ?

(A) -3
(B) -1
(C) 2/5
(D) 1
(E) 1 1/4

In how many ways can we put 4 different balls in 3 different boxes when any box can contain any number of balls?
A. 80
B. 81
C. 64
D. 63
E. 82

Studies have shown that levels of depression among those diagnosed with clinical depression actually increase in the springtime. The results of the studies were no different for subjects who spent most of their days outdoors than for those who stayed indoors. Researchers, once baffled by this finding, now hypothesize that seasonal changes in the mental health of the most severely depressed can be based on more than exposure to light.

Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the researchers' hypothesis?
A. The same subjects evidence no change in mental health in the autumn when the amount of light is equivalent to that in spring.
B. As all people inherently believe that their health will improve in the spring, the unrealized expectation of improved health will often lead the most depressed to an even deeper level of depression.
C. Healthy subjects report feeling more alert and happy in the springtime as compared with the winter.
D. Seasonal-affective disorder (SAD) affects nearly one in ten people and can seriously interfere with an individual's work schedule and lifestyle habits.
E. Other scientists have demonstrated how over-exposure to sunshine can deplete the brain of the neurochemical seratonin and result in higher levels of depression.

United Lumber will use trees from its forests for two products. The tree trunks will be used for lumber and the branches converted into wood chips to make fiberboard. The cost of this conversion would be the same whether done at the logging site, where the trees are debranched, or at United's factory. However, wood chips occupy less than half the volume of the branches from which they are made.
The information given, if accurate, most strongly supports which of the following?
(A) Converting the branches into wood chips at the logging site would require transporting a fully assembled wood-chipping machine to and from the site.
(B) It would be more economical to debranch the trees at the factory where the fiberboard is manufactured.
(C) The debranching of trees and the conversion of the branches into chips are the only stages in the processing of branches that it would be in United's economic advantage to perform at the logging site.
(D) Transportation costs from the logging site to the factory that are determined by volume of cargo would be lower if the conversion into chips is done at the logging site rather than at the factory.
(E) In the wood-processing industry, branches are used only for the production of wood chips for fiberboard.­